Abstract: Haplogroup C-M130 provides several useful downstream markers for deciphering the prehistory of Papuan, Australian, Japonic, Koreanic, Turkic, Mongolic, Tungusic and Native American languages. The haplogroups has two main branches, C1 and C2. The C1 branch is the genetic relic of human expansions during Marine Isotope Stage 3 and the initial human settlement of India, Island Southeast Asia, Australia, East Asia and Europe. The C2 branch represents markers that expanded during the Late Pleistocene.
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